Mordern Programming (Become a programmer Thread #5)

From Babbage and Augusta Ada works, more amthematicians, physicists and engineers have worked on building materials that required less maintenance, large set of computing operations and more portable computing engines.

This let to the modern form of computing technologies we know today. Computing materials like chips (made up of transistors) that run programs written in Assembler, C, C++ or Java, and print out the result we need.

How is the material made? How is the programming language made? how do they work together?